LLCs provide pass-through taxes, making them perfect for practically all small enterprises.
The tax structure of a corporation is only advantageous when a small firm must depend on investors.
Our guide to LLC versus Corporation Taxes compares both company types in depth.
The Difference Between a C Corporation and an LLC Taxes
While various company forms are legally regarded independent entities from their owners, the C corporation is the only structure that is also taxed separately. This implies that firms must pay income taxes on gains that cannot be deducted as business expenditures. These taxes will be levied on profits held by the corporation as retained earnings as well as profits distributed to shareholders as dividends.
Deducting business expenditures allows a firm to minimize its taxable profits. This covers funds spent on startup expenditures, operational expenses, and promotion. Salaries, incentives, and the cost of employee perks may also be deducted by a firm.
C companies are required to submit a corporate tax return and pay the 21% corporate tax rate on all taxable profits. If a company will owe taxes, it must estimate the amount of tax owed for the year and make quarterly payments to the IRS.
Any owners or shareholders who work for the firm earn wages and incentives in the same way that other workers do. Because they are deductible business costs, they are only taxed once, on the personal tax return of each shareholder.
Dividends are subject to double taxation.
Because a C corporation is the only company form that must pay corporate taxes, it is also the only structure that is taxed twice. All taxable corporate earnings, whether utilized for business costs or given as dividends to shareholders, are taxed at the corporation tax rate first.
When a shareholder gets a dividend payout, they must also pay individual income taxes on that amount. This implies that any dividends received are taxed twice, once at the business level and once at the individual level.
Registering your company as a S corporation is one approach to prevent double taxes on profits. S companies, unlike C corporations, are taxed as pass-through businesses, which means that all earnings flow through to the shareholders and are taxed only once, at each individual’s personal tax rate.
Retained Earnings Taxation
Retained earnings are the profits that remain after a company has paid all of its expenditures and distributed profits to shareholders and owners. While these profits are subject to corporation taxes, they are not taxed further until they are dispersed as wages, bonuses, or dividends.
These profits are often utilized to acquire supplies and equipment for the firm or to boost the corporation’s stock value before selling. Earnings may be retained by both C businesses and S corporations in order to reduce their total tax obligation.
While C firms must still pay corporate taxes on retained profits, they may avoid dividend double taxation by not distributing their whole profit to shareholders. Because S companies are not subject to corporate taxes, retained profits may be maintained tax-free in the company.
Of course, the IRS limits how much money may be left in your C company, with most being allowed to keep up to $250,000 in retained profits without incurring penalties.
Taxation of C Corporations vs. S Corporations
A C company is the typical corporate form, although some firms may choose to be S corporations. While these two organizations have many features, such as filing requirements, limited liability protection, fundamental structures, and corporate formalities, they are taxed quite differently.
An S company pays taxes in the same way as a partnership or LLC does, with all earnings recorded on the owners’ personal income tax returns. This implies that S companies are not subject to corporate taxes or dividend taxation. Another benefit of S corporations is that owners may save money on employment taxes by dispersing profits to members and passive shareholders.
The choice to choose S corporation status will often be based on which option is most financially advantageous to you and your firm. Because the corporation tax rate was recently reduced to a flat rate of 21%, more firms may profit from paying the corporate rate rather than their personal marginal tax rate. This is a choice that should be taken in consultation with a tax expert.
The Fundamentals of LLC Taxation
For legal reasons, an LLC, like a corporation, is regarded a distinct entity from its owners, known as members. When it comes to taxes, however, an LLC and its members are the same thing. The IRS views LLCs to be pass-through businesses, much like S corporations. In effect, this implies that LLCs are taxed in the same manner that sole proprietorships or partnerships are, with all earnings and losses flowing through to the members.
LLC members are paid by withdrawals or distributions from their capital accounts, which hold each member’s portion of corporate earnings, rather than wages. At the time of distribution, these payouts are not subject to state, federal, or employment taxes. Instead, LLC members are responsible for paying quarterly estimated taxes on any capital distributions and reporting these profits on their personal tax returns as business income.
Up to a specific level, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 contained a 20% income tax deduction for all pass-through entities. Members of an LLC may also deduct genuine business expenditures including as start-up costs, transportation and travel costs, equipment and supply costs, and advertising charges.
In terms of state taxes, the majority of states follow the federal government’s lead when it comes to LLC taxation. However, some states charge additional yearly taxes on the LLC itself. Check with your state filing office to determine your unique state tax needs.
Tax on Self-Employment
The IRS considers LLC members to be self-employed since they are pass-through businesses. LLC profits are not subject to employment taxes at the time of distribution since they do not get paychecks. This implies that, in addition to paying state and federal income taxes on their revenues, LLC members must also cover their Social Security and Medicare payments when filing their taxes.
To fund these programs, the federal government presently takes 15.3% of company revenues. This sum has traditionally been shared between company owners and workers. However, since LLC members are not considered workers and are not paid, each member is personally liable for the entire 15.3% of their profits — the employee and employer share of the tax burden. The employer part of this sum is deductible for tax reasons.
Flexibility in LLC Taxation
While the majority of LLCs adhere to the default pass-through taxes, one significant advantage of this company model is the ability to be treated as a corporation if this classification is advantageous to you and your firm.
Certain LLCs may find it advantageous to be taxed as a corporation. For example, deciding to be taxed as a corporation might give extra protection to single-member LLCs that struggle to operate as a distinct organization. Filing taxes as a corporation establishes a clear line between you and your company. This might help to strengthen your limited liability safeguards if they are ever threatened.
Furthermore, depending on their personal income, corporation taxes might provide significant financial advantages to certain LLC members. Because the corporation tax rate of 21% is much lower than the top three individual income tax rates (32% to 37%), having LLC earnings taxed at the corporate rate may be an appealing choice. While dividend taxes and other responsibilities may reduce this benefit, all LLCs should investigate whether taxation method is appropriate for them.
Employee Taxation
Any company with workers has a variety of extra tax obligations in addition to those linked with commercial income. This is true for both corporations and limited liability companies. Some taxes are deducted from employee paychecks and sent to the IRS and state tax authorities, while others are paid directly by the company.
You must withhold federal income tax, state income tax, and the employee part of Social Security and Medicare (FICA tax) from each employee’s paycheck and deposit these withholdings to the appropriate authorities as an employer. You must deposit federal income taxes, as well as the employee and employer portions of FICA taxes, with the IRS on a monthly or semi-weekly basis.
The amount of employment taxes you reported two years previous to your current filing determines your reporting schedule (referred to as the lookback period). Those who reported less than $50,000 must deposit their employment taxes monthly. Those that reported more than $50,000 must deposit the monies within a week after issuing each payment to their workers.
Businesses with workers must additionally pay federal unemployment taxes in addition to these withholdings (FUTA). Each year, these taxes are levied on the first $7000 in salary received to each employee. This sum is paid quarterly until the threshold is reached.
Because the requirements for state employment taxes differ, it is important to research state rules to guarantee compliance with all state tax duties.
Which Business Structure Is Best For Me?
There are several factors to consider before selecting whether to incorporate your company as an LLC or a corporation. The tax implications of each structure may play a significant part in selecting which business structure is ideal for you, your company, and your long-term objectives.
You may begin by asking yourself some critical questions, such as:
How many owners will there be in your company?
Will your company recruit employees?
How much funding do you need to get started?
How much profit do you anticipate making in the short and long run?
What is your own income, as well as the income of your company partners?
Do you want to work directly for your company or merely supervise its operations?
The answers to these questions might help you identify which company structure will be most tax advantageous. However, selecting the best company structure for your endeavor is about more than simply taxes. Taking the time to fully understand the consequences of each structure will help you make the best decision for your own organization.